Farzad Bayat Movahhed; Saeed Najafi; Mohammad Roghani
Abstract
Knowledge about optimizing use of rain water under different systems for overcoming water stresses, maximization of crop yield and how their effects is very important. So in this research effect of Rain Water Catchment (RWC) systems under five treatments viz. control (A), eliminated of vegetation and ...
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Knowledge about optimizing use of rain water under different systems for overcoming water stresses, maximization of crop yield and how their effects is very important. So in this research effect of Rain Water Catchment (RWC) systems under five treatments viz. control (A), eliminated of vegetation and pebble with a gravel filter (B), eliminated of vegetation and pebble without any gravel filter (C), insulated some portion by plastic with gravel filter (D) and insulated some portion by plastic without any gravel filter (E) on activity of photosynthetic parameters have been assessed. The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications for each treatment. RWCs were designed in 8, 5, and 0.5 meters for the length, width and depth respectively, as well as with 9 % downward slope. To facilitate runoff infiltration in root region; a gravel filter was created that was 10 cm diameter and 30 cm depth respectively, in all treatment. Four photosynthetic factor viz. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and substomatal CO2 adsorption were measured after 10 and 23 days after one rainfall event in 2011. Results showed there are significant differences between measured factors except substomatal CO2 adsorption under different treatments. Totally results of this research showed that two Rain Water Catchment systems including insulated some portion by plastic without any gravel filter (E) and eliminated of vegetation and pebble without any gravel filter (C) had maximum positive effect on activity of photosynthetic parameters in Apricot seedlings versus control treatment (A) exhibited minimum activity of photosynthetic parameters in Apricot seedlings. It can say the effect of treatments in runoff delivery to the Apricot seedlings is the cause of obtained aforementioned results.
Mansoor Mehdizadeh Youshanloe; Mohammad Roghani
Abstract
Establishing permanent plant cover with economical efficiency is one of the approaches to control water erosion of piedmonts. For this purpose making rain water harvesting micro catchments systems for collecting enough rainwater by increasing surface runoff coefficient of catchment is necessary especially ...
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Establishing permanent plant cover with economical efficiency is one of the approaches to control water erosion of piedmonts. For this purpose making rain water harvesting micro catchments systems for collecting enough rainwater by increasing surface runoff coefficient of catchment is necessary especially about low daily rainfalls. Created for rainwater catchment systems in arid and semi-arid areas is essential. The project is located in 30 km. Eastern south of Urmia city in West Azerbaijan. The dimension of runoff area is 5×6 square meters. Construction three treatments in four replications. The rainwater plots built with surface treatments of impediment, semi-impediment and natural surface with 4 blocks. That’s located on southern hillside with slope 12 to 15 percent. The Urmia synoptic station selected and prepared frequency of daily rainfall of every month with depths of more than 0, 1, 5 and 10 mm for period of 50 years. The results showed that average frequency of daily rainfalls with depth of equal or more than 1 and 5 mm for warm month (season of plants growth and production) include July, August and September was for every one year and one for every 3 years respectively. So the threshold of daily rainfall for runoff occurrence due to treatments of impediment, semi impediment and natural respectively are 2.5, 3.5 and 4.4 mm and percent of runoff coefficient 41.17, 10.58 and 1.74 for period of May to November of every year. Conclusion is that application of impediment rainwater catchment associated with runoff reserve system on rainy months (April and May) and reserved water distribution system on more water needy months (July, August, September) is recommended.
Davood Niknezhad; Mohammad Roghani; Abolfazh Nasseri; Jamshid Yarahmadi; Karim Mehrvarz; Mohammadebrahim Sadegzadeh
Abstract
Optimum application of precipitation, especially snow and rain, is very important, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Establishing rainwater harvesting systems with high runoff coefficient and therefore runoff storage can produce sustainable conditions to meet the water requirement of the plants ...
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Optimum application of precipitation, especially snow and rain, is very important, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Establishing rainwater harvesting systems with high runoff coefficient and therefore runoff storage can produce sustainable conditions to meet the water requirement of the plants and trees in dry seasons. For this purpose, three treatments including natural surface intact, covered with riprap and plastic cover with riprap were selected. The areas of each experimental plot were four m2 with square shapes and average slope of 11-18 percent were constructed. Results from 34 rainfall events showed that the amount of runoff from natural surfaces with riprap, intact natural surface and plastic cover with riprap treatments were 13, 20 and 57 percent of the amount of rainfall, respectively. The rainfall thresholds to initiate runoff in the treatments were 5.3, 4.7 and 2.6 mm, respectively. The highest runoff produced by plastic surface with riprap and this system is suggested as an appropriate option to collect rainwater in this study.
Majid Hosseini; Abbas Atapour; Seyed Aziz Karami; Abolfazl Khalilpour; Mohammad Roghani
Abstract
The water is life source and the main factor to human development. With increasing population and needs to food, day by day this needs to be evidence. Therefore, to prevent loosing this main source by planning should be done. One of the method to prevent from this lose is runoff control by micro catchments, ...
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The water is life source and the main factor to human development. With increasing population and needs to food, day by day this needs to be evidence. Therefore, to prevent loosing this main source by planning should be done. One of the method to prevent from this lose is runoff control by micro catchments, keeping the moisture andreduce evaporation from soil surface. In this research, in order to introduce the most suitable method to reduce the evaporation from soil surface, to increase the perennial duration of soil moisture, to determine the performance of different treatments and to compare between them, lozenge shape micro catchments was made in sloppy hill side.The main duty of these micro catchments is collecting and conducting the surface water toward the end of the micro catchments and infiltrating the water into the soil which plus the humidity increase at micro catchments down, has considerable effects on increasing the level of the underground water tables and reducing the erosion andsediment production. In this research in order to increase the runoff coefficient, were made 6 treatments and 3 replications at the end of surface micro catchments were isolated by plastic cover so that end of each one of them has been isolated with common and available materials such as greenhouse plastic, gravel and fine and coarse sand and to infiltrate in depth of soil, a filter with 50 cm depth and 15 cm diameter was used. Soilmoisture was measured and assessed in two depth 30 and 50 cm, during one year by TDR instrument. The result of research shows the treatment maximum or best treatment in purpose of soil moisture keeping in 30 cm depth is treatment b (plastic cover and gravel embankment) and in depth 50 cm are b, d (b+ with filter) treatments. The amount of keeping soil moisture resulted from kind of treatment than to control treatment in 30and 50 cm depths are 2.81% and 1.62% respectively. The result of monthly variance shows b and d are the best treatments with 95 percent confidence in compare with other treatments. Because of low differences between in two treatment due to keeping moisture, and easy able and low cost, therefore b treatment is selected.
Seyed Mahmoud Reza Tabatabaei; Mohammad Roghani
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2011, , Pages 197-205
Abstract
In calculation of catchments time of concentration, TC, lump equations are often used. Therefore, TC is not accessible for different parts of the catchments. In this research, using object oriented programming in the GIS environment a fully distributed model has been designed and developed. The model ...
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In calculation of catchments time of concentration, TC, lump equations are often used. Therefore, TC is not accessible for different parts of the catchments. In this research, using object oriented programming in the GIS environment a fully distributed model has been designed and developed. The model is able to calculate the time of concentration for any parts of the catchment to its outlet in a raster map. Model input layers are DEM, rainfall intensity, Manning’s roughness coefficient and catchment stream network. The most important outputs of the model are slope, flow direction and flow accumulation layers and isochronal surfaces. In the presented model, catchment cells are divided into two basic classes including channel cells and overland flow cells. Kirpitch and Kinematic wave equations have been used to calculate the time of concentration for the channel and overland flow cells respectively. In addition, rainfall-runoff hydrologic software, RAFTS-XP, has been used to evaluate the accuracy of TC model results. The result of TC model shows that calculated travel time had suitable synchronization to real time, which has been estimated using observed events and the calibration of RAFTS-XP. Considering the point that catchment response for all events which used by RAFTS-XP is based on different rainfall intensities with identical time of concentration, so observing different behaviors in flood hydrographs seems reasonable.
